[{"id":349,"title":"Playing Games with Ideas: when epistemology pays off","sha":"e4702f43c1c9f3561e57b3ab001a924b","user_id":null,"state":"published","body":"In standard game theory analysis, gameplay proceeds using rational strategies. While there is no explicit link between rationality and strategy selection, playing to equilibrium solutions often depends on choosing the optimal strategy. Yet what if strategy optimality is not obvious to the players? Often, people make seemingly irrational decisions based on beliefs or situational interpretations of the empirical world. These beliefs have high social import, but with little advantage compared to empirical reality. \r\n\r\nWe use a decision kernel to model how beliefs (an epistemological network) influence a rational strategy suite (top box in attachment). The feedforward network output is a set of beliefs that influence gameplay as a set of rational behavior (empirical strategy suite). This results in an epistemological-influenced social capital payoff function, and an empirical payoff function (bottom box in attachment). The joint distribution (or area of intersection between the payoff functions) is the epistemological payoff. This epistemological payoff can be small (low conditional social payoff) or large (high conditional social payoff). When small, players play their strategies close to the optimal expectation. Larger epistemological payoffs result plays that have with relatively higher social utility, but also little immediate utility when compared to the empirical world.","created_at":"2016-11-21T06:06:01.489Z","updated_at":"2016-11-21T11:38:15.392Z","zenodo_id":167647,"doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167647","subject":null,"tags":["cognition","game theory","cultural evolution","complex systems","theory","philosophy"],"vote_count":1,"view_count":1,"score":1.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":true,"attachment_file_name":"whole-figure.png","attachment_content_type":"image/png","attachment_file_size":286497,"attachment_updated_at":"2016-11-21T06:06:01.443Z"},{"id":132,"title":"Neurocognitive basis of procrastination: the need for more startlines than deadlines","sha":"24c09b0302ea48aa27c848a8dabbbd88","user_id":190,"state":"published","body":"Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has provided evidence that goals are maintained by sustained goal representations in prefrontal cortex ([Miller \u0026 Cohen, 2001](http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167)). Such goal representations contain details regarding the final goal state, in addition to various means to attain that goal. Goal representations are thought to be formed by co-activation of existing goal-relevant representations during goal creation ([O’Reilly \u0026 Frank, 2006](http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976606775093909)). Deadlines are goal-relevant representation that are often co-active with the decision to create a goal. It is therefore likely that deadlines are often embedded within a goal representation inappropriately, biasing goal-related actions to be carried out close to the emphasized time of the deadline (rather than spread out over the allotted time before the deadline). This would push the human brain’s control system toward procrastination. A possible work-around to this problem may be to set “startlines”, emphasizing when serious progress toward a goal (or subgoal) should have begun. Final deadlines will likely remain important in many domains, but one or more salient startlines may be useful for encouraging more on-time and higher quality goal-directed output.","created_at":"2015-03-26T19:59:12.250Z","updated_at":"2020-08-09T00:07:15.473Z","zenodo_id":25778,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16397","subject":null,"tags":["neuroscience","psychology","cognition","prefrontal cortex","cognitive control","procrastination","strategies"],"vote_count":4,"view_count":1,"score":4.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":true,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null},{"id":487,"title":"Components of Expertise","sha":"ffab4037c166cc20b1aebfadb090f205","user_id":null,"state":"published","body":"Herling (2000:13) in his \"Operational definitions of expertise and competence\" outlined three basic components of expertise: knowledge; problem-solving; and experience.\r\n\r\nHere, I propose a more sophisticated differentiation that involves four types of knowledge:\r\n1) Epistemic Knowledge; \r\n2) Tooled Knowledge;\r\n3) Meta-Cognitive Knowledge;\r\n4) Idiosyncratic Knowledge.\r\n\r\nEpistemic knowledge refers to the understanding and the formation of principles and generalizable causal relationships. Epistemic principles are highly likely to cross domain boundaries.  \r\n\r\nTooled knowledge refers to specialized techniques of fact-finding, interpretation, or analysis. They are highly domain-specific.\r\n\r\nMeta-Cognitive Knowledge refers to knowledge about one's own cognition. It involves constantly improving one's schemata regarding one's own optimal cognitive and psychic functioning.\r\n\r\nIdiosyncratic Knowledge is divided into two types. Personal Idiosyncratic Knowledge refers to personal experiences that are not (yet) integrated into higher order functional schemata. Social Idiosyncratic Knowledge refers to social knowledge of highly arbitrary nature, which one has to learn as an instrument to function better in the society.\r\n\r\nIt is important to note that all types of knowledge can be either derived by the person themselves via Peircean abduction, or they can be acquired through systematic training or education.","created_at":"2018-09-16T18:53:48.334Z","updated_at":"2024-07-10T09:40:14.090Z","zenodo_id":1419803,"doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1419803","subject":null,"tags":["expertise","competence","knowledge","cognition","developmental psychology","intelligence","polymathy","creativity","social knowledge","training","education","learning","proficiency"],"vote_count":1,"view_count":1,"score":7.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":true,"attachment_file_name":"lotus_flower_of_expertise.png","attachment_content_type":"image/png","attachment_file_size":224638,"attachment_updated_at":"2018-09-16T18:53:48.283Z"},{"id":305,"title":"Oxidative stress, MAOIs and OCD.","sha":"ac24cf8b54f24d1203f552538a155693","user_id":null,"state":"published","body":"Cure of severe obsessional thinking by monoamine oxidase inhibitor* gave rise to “side” effects, meriting investigation as repeatedly linked to cure-points. Phenol-rich foods, particularly robusta coffees, release serotonin from gut enterochromaffin cells by phenol-generated free radicals. (Phenols don’t enter the CNS). Releasing effects appeared just before the first cure-point, and all subsequent improvements, suggesting restraints on gut free radical action are removed by MAOI treatment. As MAOI reduction of oxidative stress has been shown to diminish antioxidant activity, and excessive antioxidant activity repeatedly shown in research on human OCD, the hypothesis is that it is by reducing intracellular antioxidant activity over time that MAOIs enable the extracellular release of serotonin required for the OCD cure. In one waking cure-point pharyngospasm (found with peripheral serotonin injections) was followed by vagal lesion-like effects, and I found I had regained the ability to “drown” constant compulsive violent thoughts. Vagal activity, although peripheral, has been found to influence CNS memory storage, and to be essential for the maintenance of some CNS-originated stereotypies. This peripheral cure trigger involving further serotonin release is enabled by the prior radical gut release of serotonin. Testing of this hypothesis would be practical.\r\n*Refs.“Neurology,Psychiatry and Brain Research” 5(4):181, 8(4):185, 10(4):149\r\n \r\n","created_at":"2016-05-24T13:40:28.942Z","updated_at":"2022-06-17T02:44:02.760Z","zenodo_id":114128,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51955","subject":null,"tags":["ocd","cognition"],"vote_count":2,"view_count":1,"score":2.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null}]