[{"id":94,"title":"Limiting the Effects of Dry Cargo Liquefaction: Ultralight Honeycomb Cargo Hold Separators","sha":"c3f020721b4cbd8aa0383a66adb3b108","user_id":391,"state":"published","body":"Dry cargo liquefaction of cargoes such as nickel, iron or bauxite leads to numerous losses of human lives and shipping vessels. Despite regulatory and technical efforts, it appears very difficult if not impossible to completely prevent dry cargo from getting wet. The particles of the dry cargo, e.g. iron ore, start to move like a lump of liquid after it has become partially humid. In strong seas, this can lead to the vessel capsizing and sinking. There are two approaches how to deal with this. One approach limits the effect of liquefaction while the second in addition serves to prevent liquefaction in the first place.\r\nThe first suggestion is the introduction of an ultralight honeycomb structure into the cargo hold, which limits the movements of the cargo. Such a lattice should consist of a small number of components so that it can be removed quickly (e.g. with an excavator which would be used to remove the dry cargo) before unloading the cargo at the destination. \r\n","created_at":"2015-02-24T16:03:26.290Z","updated_at":"2015-03-16T12:38:38.990Z","zenodo_id":23414,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15634","subject":null,"tags":["ship","shipping","dry cargo","liquefaction","vessel","sea","ocean"],"vote_count":1,"view_count":1,"score":1.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null},{"id":95,"title":"Limiting the Risks and Effects of Dry Cargo Liquefaction with Drying Filler Material","sha":"dafe772df9fcde200975529b57b8924c","user_id":391,"state":"published","body":"All too frequently, cargo ships transporting bulk cargo sink because of dry cargo liquefaction. By mixing cargo material (CM) with a non-reactive Drying Filler Material (DFM) the cargo hold could be filled completely regardless of the amount of CM to be transported, thus reducing the space in which the material inside the cargo hold can move. Due to the drying properties of the DFM, humidity in the CM could be reduced and stored in DFM particles, reducing the risk of liquefaction in the first place. Essentially one would add cat litter: just like cat litter, the DFM would bind humidity. Regular cat litter, made e.g. of bentonite, turns into clumps, which is what you want to avoid because you want to maintain the overall volume. Bigger items, such as wood pellets, though, might be more suitable. Potentially a better DFM must be engineered artificially. At the end of the journal CM and DFM would have to be separated. This would add some complications and costs to the overall process but might provide a way to reduce risks to the lives of seafarers.","created_at":"2015-02-24T16:36:39.832Z","updated_at":"2015-02-25T06:00:25.423Z","zenodo_id":23416,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15635","subject":null,"tags":["ship","shipping","cargo","vessel","dry cargo liquefaction","liquefaction"],"vote_count":0,"view_count":1,"score":0.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null},{"id":92,"title":"International Law Challenges of Liability Regulation for Space Elevator Tourism ","sha":"711826afae9025361fab74142ebe7fc3","user_id":391,"state":"published","body":"A Space Elevator raises a number of issues from the legal perspective. Below an altitude of 100km  national law and international air law apply. Above, international space law would govern the elevator. Choosing a base station on land or at sea adds an other level of complexity to this issue. Is the elevator one structure to which different legal rules apply in different parts of the structure? Or is the transport unit which rides along the elevator line a spacefaring vessel and to simple to be treated no different from the way international law treated the Space Shuttle? \r\nFor passengers, this will raise a number of questions. In 2014 the Athens Convention, which regulates insurance requirements for passenger ships on international trips. What will be necessary from the perspective of passengers will be similar liability rules. But while passenger shipping has been around for centuries prior to the introduction to such rules, strict liability rules and insurance obligations are likely to make it even more difficult for start ups to enter the market. This problem might be relatively small given the overall costs and efforts associated with building and operating a space elevator but it needs further investigation.","created_at":"2015-02-24T10:29:58.961Z","updated_at":"2015-02-25T06:00:25.402Z","zenodo_id":23412,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15633","subject":null,"tags":["space","space elevator","space tourism","tourism","law","international law","liability","start up","insurance"],"vote_count":0,"view_count":1,"score":0.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null},{"id":130,"title":"Violent Computer Games / Movies as Triggers for Violent Real Life Crimes: Is Comparative Post-Crime Influence Research Useful?","sha":"07ecda1a4916b4787999343322857743","user_id":391,"state":"published","body":"The question if violent computer games lead to more violence in real life has long been controversial. While it seems clear that some perpetrators are influenced by what they have seen on tv or in computer games, the vast majority of gamers does not commit crimes. It is therefore necessary to understand mechanisms of game-influence on those who actually commit violent crimes. \r\nPredisposition to use violence and the legal and factual accessibility of weapons, in particular firearms (these would be separate issues worth of investigation), being equal: are violent computer games more likely to impact players’ real life-behavior if the weapons and mode of violent in game-behavior is unlikely to be realized in real life? In other words: are more realistic computer games more likely to lead to real life-violence? \r\nSuch research could be undertaken by looking at pre-crime gaming behavior of violent offenders in different jurisdictions (different weapons laws) but also different factual circumstances regarding access to firearms. This will require a global outlook but could help law enforcement and the computer gaming industry to better understand the impact of computer games. Parallel studies should be undertaken with regard to violent movies etc.","created_at":"2015-03-26T05:48:21.963Z","updated_at":"2015-03-27T06:00:34.151Z","zenodo_id":25715,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16373","subject":null,"tags":["computer games","movies","crimes","firearms","weapons","crime","law","behavior","real life","influence"],"vote_count":0,"view_count":1,"score":0.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null},{"id":128,"title":"Building a Climate Change Litigation Database","sha":"14f8f943b33c6e9ddd2323313630170a","user_id":391,"state":"published","body":"Recently, The Guardian reported on a case brought by a Peruvian plaintiff against German energy company RWE over fears of effects of climate change (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/16/peruvian-farmer-demands-climate-compensation-from-german-company) in which the energy company is brought to court as a polluter. With this case, German courts will enter new territory and it remains to be seen if German law actually allows such claims to be successful. One problem in this context will be to prove causality. German law will hardly be alone with this and related problems as climate change-related damage will often not be covered by existing rules of tort law. By engaging in successful litigation against polluting companies, the price of doing business which is harmful for the climate can be increased. It will therefore be useful to collect cases on domestic climate change litigation.","created_at":"2015-03-25T19:41:54.054Z","updated_at":"2015-03-30T07:29:55.149Z","zenodo_id":25711,"doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16371","subject":null,"tags":["climate","climate change","law","court","litigation","database","peru","germany"],"vote_count":1,"view_count":1,"score":1.1,"deleted":false,"muted":false,"tweeted":false,"attachment_file_name":null,"attachment_content_type":null,"attachment_file_size":null,"attachment_updated_at":null}]